Aasaaska semiconductor
Guudmarka
Tiknoolajiyadda casriga ah waxaa suurta gal ah in ay suurtogal u tahay qalab loogu talagalay qalabka lagu magacaabo semiconductors Dhammaan qaybaha firfircoon, wareegyada isku dhafan, microchips, transistors, iyo sidoo kale dareemayaal badan ayaa la dhisay qalabka semiconductor. Inkastoo silicon uu yahay qalabka semiconductor ee loo isticmaalo qalabka elektarooniga ah, noocyo badan oo ka mid ah semiconductors waxaa lagu isticmaalaa Jarmalka, Gallium Arsenide, Silicon Carbide, iyo sidoo kale semiconductors. Qalab kastaa wuxuu faa'iido u leeyahay miisaanka sida qiimaha / qiimaha waxqabadka, hawlgalka xawaaraha sare, heerkulka sare, ama jawaabta la rabo ee calaamad.
Semiconductors
Maxaa ka dhigi kara khariidad yar oo faa'iido leh waa awooda si ay u ilaaliso alaabteeda korontada iyo dabeecadaha inta lagu jiro habka wax soo saarka. Guryaha semiconductor waxaa lagu xakameynayaa iyadoo lagu darayo qadar yar oo ah nadaafad ku jirta qeybta yar yar ee loo yaqaan 'doping,' taas oo la yiraahdo doping, kala duwanaansho la'aanta kala duwan iyo saameynta kala duwan waxay soo saartaa saameyno kala duwan. Iyada oo la xakameynayo doping, habka korontadu u socoto ee loo marayo nukunka ayaa la xakamayn karaa.
In kiciye caadi ah, sida copper, elektaroonyadu waxay qaadaan xaadirka oo waxay u shaqeeyaan sidii masuuliyaddii dacwada. Dhexdhexaadiyeyaasha labadaba electrons iyo 'godadka,' maqnaanshaha elektarooniga, waxay u dhaqmaan sida sidaha xawaaraha. Iyada oo loo xakameynayo dhajinta qoraalka yar yar, samaynta, iyo gudbiyaha dacwada waxaa loo qaadan karaa inuu yahay mid elektaroonig ah ama dalool ku salaysan.
Waxaa jira laba nooc oo ah noocyada dharka, N-nooca, iyo nooca P. Noocyada nooca N-ga ah, fosfooraska ama arsenik ahaan, waxay leeyihiin shan electon, taas oo marka lagu daro qalabka wax lagu qoro (semiconductor) ay bixiso qalabka dheeriga ah ee bilaashka ah. Maaddaama electrons ay leeyihiin lacag aan fiicneyn, maaddo la isku daray ayaa sidaan loo yaqaan N-nooca. Noocyada nooca P-ga ah, sida boron iyo galium, waxay leeyihiin saddex koronto oo keliya, taas oo keentay maqnaanshaha elektaroonigga kareemka yar yar, si wax ku ool ah u abuuraya dalool ama khafiif ah, sidaas awgeed nooca nooca P. Labada nooc ee N-nooca iyo nooca P-ga, xitaa qiyaasaha daqiiqada, waxay samayn doonaan hal-yar-yar oo kumbuyuutar ah. Si kastaba ha noqotee, khariidadaha N-nooca iyo nooca-P-ga ah maaha mid gaar ah naftooda, iyagoo ah kuwa keli ah. Si kastaba ha noqotee, marka aad isku xirayso xidhiidhka, sameynta isdhexgalka PN, waxaad heshaa dabeecado aad u kala duwan oo dabiici ah.
Dheeraynta PN-ka
Isku xirka PN, oo aan ka duwaneyn shay kasta si gooni ah, uma dhaqmo sida kormeere. Halkii ay u oggolaan lahaayeen hadda in ay u socdaan labada dhinacba, isku-xidhka PN ayaa kaliya u oggolaanaya in ay hadda ku socdaan hal dhinac oo abuuraya diode aasaasi ah. Codsashada qalabka isgoyska PN ee jihada hore (foorjada hore) waxay ka caawisaa elektaroonnada gobolka N-nooca ah inay ku daraan godadka ku yaala gobolka P-nooca. Isku dayidda in la baddalo socodka xaadirka ah ee hadda (dib-u-celinta) dib-u-qaadista diidmada awoodda elektarooniga iyo godadka kuwaas oo ka hortagaya in hadda laga bilaabo isdhaafsiga guud ahaan. Isku-darka Kombuyuutarrada PN siyaabo kale ayaa albaabada u furaya qaybaha kale ee yar yar ee kulaylaha, sida transistor.
Transistors
Transistor aasaasiga ah ayaa laga sameeyaa iskudhafka saddexda nooc ee nooca N-nooca iyo nooca nooca nooca nooca nooca nooca nooca nooca nooca nooca nooca nooca nooca nooca nooca N-ka ah ee loo yaqaan 'N-type' iyo nooca nooca P-ka ah halkii loo isticmaali lahaa diode Isku darka qalabkan ayaa keena NPN iyo PNP transistors kuwaas oo loo yaqaano isdhexgalka isdhexgalka ee laba-cirifoodka ama BJTs. Xarunta, ama saldhigga, gobolka BJT wuxuu u oggolaanayaa transistor inuu u dhaqmo sidii beddel ama amfi.
In kastoo transistors NPN iyo PNP laga yaabo inay u ekaadaan laba diode oo dib loo soo celiyo, taas oo xannibaysa dhammaanba hadda oo ka imanaya labada dhinacba. Marka lakabka dhexe ee horay loo soo dhajiyo si loo yareeyo xajmiga yar ee lakabka dhexe, sifooyinka diode ee la sameeyay isbedelka lakabada dhexe si loo ogaado in badan oo ka sii weyn oo ay ku socoto qalabka oo dhan. Habdhaqankani wuxuu ku siinayaa gawaarid uu awood u leeyahay inuu kor u qaado aaladaha yar yar isla markaana u dhaqmo sida beddelidda ilaha hadda jira ama bannaan.
Noocyada kala duwan ee qalabka transistors iyo qalabka kale ee semiconductor waxaa lagu sameyn karaa iyadoo lagu darayo iskuxiridda PN siyaabo badan, laga bilaabo heerka sare, shaqooyinka gaarka ah ee transistors ilaa diode kontorool. Waxyaabaha soo socda ayaa ah qaar ka mid ah qaybaha laga sameeyey iskudhacyo taxaddar leh oo ah iskuxirrada PN.
- DIAC
- Diirinta leysarka
- Diode iftiin leh (LED)
- Xayaysiiska Zener
- Qalabka Darlington
- Transistor-field effect, oo ay ku jiraan MOSFETs
- Bakhaarka IGBT
- Qalabka loo xakameeyey silicoon (SCR)
- Wareegga isku dhafan (ICs)
- Farsameysan
- Xusuusta Digital - RAM iyo ROM
Sensors
Marka lagu daro kantaroolka xaadirka ah ee khariidad-yaraha u oggolaanaya, waxay sidoo kale leeyihiin waxyaabo ka dhigi kara dareemayaal wax ku ool ah. Waxaa loo samayn karaa in ay noqdaan kuwo xasaasiyad leh isbeddelka heerkulka, cadaadiska, iyo iftiinka. Isbeddelka iska-caabbinta waa nooca ugu caansan ee jawaab-celinta dareen-dabiici ah. Qaar ka mid ah noocyada dareemeyaasha ee suurtogalka ah ee suurto galka ah ee dhismayaasha yar yar ayaa hoos ku taxan.
- Saamaynta Saameynta Hooska (dareeraha dhulka magnetic)
- Heerkulbeeg (xasaasiyad kuleyl leh)
- CCD / CMOS (sawirka sawirka)
- Sawirrada (sawirka iftiinka)
- Sawiristaha (dareenka iftiinka)
- Piezoresistive (cadaadiska / cadaadiska)