Traceroute - daabac baambeeyaha waddada si aad u marto shabakadda
Muujinta
Traceroute [ -dFInrvx ] [ -flk_tw ] [ -g gawaar ]
[ -i iface ] [ -m max_ttl] [ -p port ]
[ -qqueries ] [ -s src_addr ] [ -t sug ]
[ -w waittime ] [ -zematemsecs ]
martida [ packetlen ]
Sharaxaad
Internetku waa qayb ballaadhan oo adag oo ka mid ah qalabka shabakada, oo isku xiran albaabbada. Raadinta jidka loo yaqaan "one packet follow" (ama raadinta albaabka wadada ee tuura baakadahaaga) way adkaan kartaa. Traceroute waxay isticmaashaa nidaamka IP-yada 'waqti lagu noolaado' oo isku dayaya in ay ka soo baxaan jawaabta ICMP TIME_EXCEEDED ee laga soo galo albaab walba oo maraya waddada qaar martida loo yahay.
Halbeegga kaliya ee qasabka ah waa magaca martida ama lambarka IP . Dhererka caadiga ah ee cabbirka datagram waa 40 byte , laakiin tani waxaa laga yaabaa in la kordhiyo by dhererka xirmo xirmo (bytes) ka dib markii magaca martida destination.
Fursadaha kale waa:
-f
U samee wakhtiga ugu horreeya ee-loo-noolaado ee loo isticmaalo baakada baaritaanka ee ugu horeeya.
-F
Samee "ha u qaybin" qayb yar.
-d
Hirgalinta khaladaadka socket-ka.
-g
Sheeg khadadka wadada ee waddada dabacsan (8 ugu badnaan).
-i
Sheeg xiriir dhexdhexaad ah si aad u hesho cinwaanka IP-ga ee baakadka baaritaanka. Tani caadi ahaan waxay faa'iido u leedahay oo keliya marti-geliye badan. (Fiiri calaamadda -Sida siyaab kale si aad tan u sameyso.)
-I
Isticmaal ICOC ECHO halkii aad ka heli lahayd datagrams UDP.
-m
Samee waqtiga ugu badan ee aad ku noolaato (tirada ugu badan ee hops) loo isticmaalo baakadaha baaritaanka ee socda. Badbaadada waa 30 hops (isla default default loo isticmaalo xirmooyinka TCP).
-n
Ku dheji cinwaanka xariiqda tirada si aad ah halkii ay ka muuqan lahayd calaamad ahaan iyo tiro ahaanba (kaydinta cinwaanka magac-cinwaanka raad-raadinta ee marin kasta oo laga helo waddada).
-p
Samee lambarka dekedda UDP ee loo isticmaalo tijaabooyinka (default waa 33434). Traceroute waxay rajeyneysaa in wax dhegeysi la'aan ah dhageysiga xarumaha UDP ee saldhigyada + nhops - 1 meesha martida loo yahay (sidaas darteed farriin ICMP PORT_UNREACHABLE ayaa loo celin doonaa si loo joojiyo raadinta wadada). Haddii wax ay dhageystaan dekedda qaabka caadiga ah, doorashadan waxaa loo isticmaali karaa in lagu soo qaato khariidad aan la isticmaalin.
-r
Ogeysiis jadwalka caadiga ah oo si toos ah ugu dir kooxda martida ku xiran. Haddii aqalkaagu uusan ku xirneyn shabakad toos ah, waa qalad la soo celiyo. Doorashadan waxaa loo isticmaali karaa in lagu dhajiyo marti-geliyaha deegaanka iyada oo loo marayo interface aan lahayn waddo iyada oo loo marayo (tusaale ahaan, ka dib markii dhexdhexaadinta hoos u dhacay (8C).
-s
Isticmaal cinwaanka IP ee soo socda (badanaa waxaa la siiyaa lambar IP ah, ma aha magaca martida) cinwaanka cinwaanka ah ee baakadaha baaritaanka ee socda. On martigelinayaal badan oo badan (kuwa leh cinwaanka IP ka badan), ikhtiyaarkan waxaa loo isticmaali karaa in lagu xakameeyo cinwaanka cinwaanka inuu yahay wax aan ahayn cinwaanka IP-ga ee dhexdhexaadinta baakadka baaritaanka loo diro. Haddii cinwaanka IP-ga uusan mid ka mid ah cinwaanka mashiinka mashiinka, qalad ayaa la soo celiyaa oo waxba la soo dirin. (Eeg calaamadda -i hab kale si aad tan u sameyso.)
-t
Sameey adeegga nooca-adeegga ah ee baakadaha baaritaanka si qiimaha soo socda (eber joogta ah). Qiimaha waa inuu ahaado jajab tobanle ah oo kala duwan 0 ilaa 255. Doorashadan waxaa loo isticmaali karaa in lagu ogaado haddii noocyada kala duwan ee adeega ay u kala duwan yihiin wadooyin kala duwan. (Haddii aadan soconin 4.4-300d, tani waxay noqon kartaa mid tacliimeed tan iyo markii adeegyada caadiga ah ee shabakadaha sida telnet iyo ftp ha u oggolaan inaad adigu maamusho TOS). Dhammaan qiimaha TOS waa sharci ama macno leh - fiiri qeexitaanka IP ee sharaxaadda. Qiimayaasha faa'idada leh waxay u badan tahay ' -t 16 ' (dib udhac yar) iyo ' -t 8 ' (fara badan).
-v
Wax soo saarka caddaynta. Ku siiyay baakadaha ICMP ee aan ahayn TIME_EXCEEDED iyo UNREACHABLEs ayaa ku qoran.
-w
Waqti u samee (ilbiriqsi) si aad u sugto jawaabta baaritaanka (default 5 sec).
-x
Jeegagga IP-ga ee isku xira. Caadi ahaan, tani waxay ka hortagtaa jadwalka xisaabinta jeegga ip. Xaaladaha qaarkood, nidaamka hirgelinta wuxuu ka badali karaa qaybo ka mid ah xirmooyinka dibadda laakiin aan dib loo xisaabin xisaabta (sidaas daraadeed xaaladaha qaarkood waa in aan lagu xisaabin jeegagga iyo isticmaalka -x waxay keeneysaa in la xisaabiyo). Ogsoonow in hubinta inta badan looga baahan yahay rajada ugu dambeysa marka la isticmaalayo tijaabooyinka ICMP ECHO ( -I ). Sidaa darteed mar walba waxaa lagu xisaabiyaa marka la isticmaalo ICMP.
-z
Samee waqtiga (milliseconds) si aad u joojiso inta u dhaxaysa tijaabooyinka (default 0). Qaar ka mid ah nidaamyada sida Solaris iyo jadwalayaasha sida Xogta jaantuska ee jaantuska. Qiimaha wanaagsan ee la adeegsan karo tan waa 500 (tusaale, 1/2 labaad).
Barnaamijkani wuxuu isku dayayaa in uu raadsado waddada baakada IP-ga oo raaci doona marti-geliye internetka ah iyada oo la bilaabayo baakidhka UDP-da oo leh wakhti yar (wakhti aad ku noolaato) kadibna dhagaysato ICMP "waqti dhaafsan" jawaab ka yimid albaabka. Waxaan bilaabeynaa tijaabooyinkayaga oo leh halbeeg oo kor u kaca tan illaa aan ka helno "deked" aan la helin "dekedda" (taas oo macnaheedu yahay inaanu "martiqaadnay") ama ku dhufanno max (taasoo u dhiganta 30 wiqiyadood & waa la beddeli karaa -m calanka). Saddex baaritaan (isbedelka calanka -q calanka) ayaa loo soo diraa goob kasta oo fasir ah oo xariiq ah ayaa lagu daabacaa muujinta ttl, cinwaanka albaabka iyo waqtiga safarka wareega ee baadhitaan kasta. Haddii jawaabta baaritaanku ka timaado meelo kala duwan, cinwaanka nidaamka jawaab-celinta ayaa la daabici doonaa. Haddii aysan wax jawaab ah ku jirin 5 cisho gudahood. isbeddelka wakhtiga loo yaqaan " time -w" ), "*" ayaa lagu daabacayaa baaritaankaas.
Ma dooneyno in marti-geliyuhu ay ku shaqeynayaan baakidhka UDP si marka dekedda u socoto loo qoondeeyo qiimo aan qiimo laheyn (haddii qaar ka mid ah calaamaduhu ay isticmaalaan qiimahaasi, waa la bedeli karaa calanka -p .).
Isticmaalka shaybaarka iyo soo saaridda waxay noqon kartaa:
[yak 71]% traceroute nis.nsf.net. traceroute to nis.nsf.net (35.1.1.48), 30 meelood oo max ah, 38 bisto ah 1 helios.ee.lbl.gov (128.3.112.1) 19 ms 19 ms 0 ms 2 lilac-dmc.Berkeley.EDU (128.32. 216.1) 39 ms 39 ms 19 ms 3 lilac-dmc.Berkeley.EDU (128.32.216.1) 39 ms 39 ms 19 ms 4 ccngw-ner-cc.Berkeley.EDU (128.32.136.23) 39 ms 40 ms 39 ms 5 ccn -nifif22.Berkeley.EDU (128.32.168.22) 39 ms 39 ms 39 ms 6 128.32.197.4 (128.32.197.4) 40 ms 59 ms 7 59.119.2.5 (131.119.2.5) 59 ms 59 ms 598 8 129.140. 70.13 (129.140.70.13) 99 ms 99 ms 80 ms 9 129.140.71.6 (129.140.71.6) 139 ms 239 ms 319 ms 10 129.140.81.7 (129.140.81.7) 220 ms 199 ms 199 ms 11 nic.merit.edu (35.1 .1.48) 239 ms 239 ms 239 msOgow in khadadka 2 & 3 ay isku mid yihiin. Tani waxay ugu wacan tahay qalabka casriga ah ee nidaamka 2aad ee rajada - lbl-csam.arpa - kuwaas oo u gudbinaya xirmooyinka nambarka jumlada (xaddidan ee version qaybinta 4.3BSD). Ogsoonow inaad ku qasban tahay in aad ka fekerto waddooyinka baakadaha ay wadaan waddanka intiisa ka dib NSFNet (129.140) ma siinayso tarjumaad cinwaanka ah ee loogu talagalay NSS-yada.
Tusaale ahaan xiiso leh waa:
[yak 72]% traceroute allspice.lcs.mit.edu. traceroute to allspice.lcs.mit.edu (18.26.0.115), 30 meelood oo ah max 1 helios.ee.lbl.gov (128.3.112.1) 0 ms 0 ms 0 ms 2 lilac-dmc.Berkeley.EDU (128.32.216.1) 19 ms 19 ms 19 ms 3 Lilac-dmc.Berkeley.EDU (128.32.216.1) 39 ms 19 ms 19 ms 4 ccngw-ner-cc.Berkeley.EDU (128.32.136.23) 19 ms 39 ms 39 ms 5 ccn-nerif22 .Berkeley.EDU (128.32.168.22) 20 ms 39 ms 39 ms 6 128.32.197.4 (128.32.197.4) 59 ms 119 ms 39 ms 7 131.119.2.5 (131.119.2.5) 59 ms 59 ms 39 ms 8 129.140.70.13 ( 129.140.70.13) 80 ms 79 ms 99 ms 9 129.140.71.6 (129.140.71.6) 139 ms 139 ms 159 ms 10 129.140.81.7 (129.140.81.7) 199 ms 180 ms 300 ms 11 129.140.72.17 (129.140.72.17) 300 ms 239 ms 239 ms 12 * * * 13 128.121.54.72 (128.121.54.72) 259 ms 499 ms 279 ms 14 * * * 15 * * * 16 * * * 17 * * * 18 ALLSPICE.LCS.MIT.EDU (18.26 .0.115) 339 ms 279 ms 279 msOgsoonow in albaabbada 12, 14, 15, 16 iyo 17 ay diidaan ama ha u soo dirin ICMP "waqti dhaafsan" farriimaha ama iyaga u dir si aad u yar yar si aad naga gaarto. 14 - 17 waxay ku shaqeeyaan codka MIT C Gateway oo aan soo dirin "waqtiga dhaafsan" s. Ilaah keliya ayaa ogyahay waxa la socda 12.
Gaariga aamusnaanta 12 ee kor ku xusan wuxuu noqon karaa natiijada cilladda 4. [23] Koodhka BSD (iyo noocyada deriska ah): 4.x (x <= 3) wuxuu diraa fariin aan la aqbali karin iyada oo la adeegsanayo wax kastl uu ku jiro asalka datagram Laga soo bilaabo, marka loo eego albaabbada, "ttl" ayaa eber ah, wakhtiga "ICMP" ka dhaaftay "waxaa loo balan qaadayaa inaanan dib usoo celin. Habdhaqanka buggani waa wax yar oo xiiso leh marka ay ku muuqato nidaamka lagu socdo:
1 helios.ee.lbl.gov (128.3.112.1) 0 ms 0 ms 0 ms 2 lilac-dmc.Berkeley.EDU (128.32.216.1) 39 ms 19 ms 39 ms 3 lilac-dmc.Berkeley.EDU (128.32.216.1 ) 19 ms 39 ms 19 ms 4 ccngw-ner-cc.Berkeley.EDU (128.32.136.23) 39 ms 40 ms 19 ms 5 ccn-nerif35.Berkeley.EDU (128.32.168.35) 39 ms 39 ms 39 ms 6 csgw. Berkeley.EDU (128.32.133.254) 39 ms 59 ms 39 ms 7 * * * 8 * * * 9 * * * 10 * * * 11 * * * 12 * * * 13 rip.Berkeley.EDU (128.32.131.22) 59 ms! 39 ms! 39 ms!U fiirso in ay jiraan 12 "gawaarida" (13 waa meesha ugu dambaysa) iyo dhab ahaantii qeybtii ugu dambeysay ee "maqan". Waxa dhab ahaantii dhacaya waa (oo ah Sun-3 oo ku shaqeynaya Sun OS3.5) wuxuu adeegsanayaa ttl-ka nooceeda imanaya sida ttl ee jawaabtiisa ICMP. Sidaa darteed, jawaabtu waxay ku jiri doontaa waddada soo noqoshada (iyada oo aan laguu soo dirin ogeysiin cid kale maadaama ICMP-da looma diro ICMP-da) illaa aan ka baarno ciubka ugu yaraan laba jeer dhererka waddada. Ie, rip waa runtii oo kaliya 7 hops. Jawaab celin ah oo ku soo celin leh ttl of 1 waa calaamad this dhibaatada jira. Traceroute ayaa daabacaya "!" Waqtiga ka dambeeya haddii ay ttl tahay <= 1. Sababtoo ah kuwa iibiya waxyaabo badan oo aan la daboolin (DEC Ultrix, Sun 3.x) ama software-ka aan caadiga ahayn (HPUX), filan inaad aragto dhibaatadan si joogta ah iyo / ama daryeel u qaado bartilmaameedka martidaada tijaabadaada.
Fikradaha kale ee suurtogalka ah ee ka dambeeya waqtiga waa H , N , ama P (martida, shabakada ama nidaamka aan la heli karin) ,! ! X (isgaarsiinta xiriirinta maamulka), V! (Xad-dhaafka xad-dhaafka ah ee martida), C ! (ICMP lama heli karo code). Kuwani waxaa lagu qeexay RFC1812 (oo ka saraysa RFC1716). Haddii ku dhowaad dhammaan tijaabooyinka ay keenaan nooc ka mid ah oo aan la heli karin, traceroute ayaa bixin doona oo bixi doona.
Barnaamijkan waxaa loogu talagalay isticmaalka imtixaanka shabakada, cabbiraadda, iyo maareynta. Waa in loo isticmaalo horudhaca go'doominta qalabka gacanta. Sababtoo ah culeyska ayaa ku soo rogi kara shabakada, ma ahan mid aan habooneyn in la isticmaalo gawaarida inta lagu jiro hawlaha caadiga ah ama qoraallada qorista.
Sidoo kale fiiri
pathchar (8), netstat (1), ping (8)